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Enver Pasha
Person page: Enver Pasha →
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1914
July
31
Ottoman Empire orders mobilisation
Around the turn of July and August 1914 the Ottoman government ordered a mobilisation that began on 3 August. It also secretly allied with Germany.
August
04
Secret alliance between Germany and the Ottoman Empire
Contemporary chronicles record the secret alliance of Germany and Turkey under 4 August 1914. The treaty had in fact been signed in Constantinople on 2 August.
November
14
Turks retake Köprüköy
In mid-November 1914 an Ottoman Third Army counter-offensive pushed the Russians from Köprüköy almost to the border, the first Turkish success in the Caucasus.
December
10
Von der Goltz leaves for Turkey
On 10 December 1914 Field Marshal Colmar von der Goltz set out for Constantinople. He did not command the Ottoman army but became the Sultan's aide-de-camp.
17
Turkish offensive in the Caucasus
The British chronology dates the start of the Turkish offensive in the Caucasus to 17 December 1914. In fact Enver Pasha was then finishing his preparations.
29
Battle of Sarikamish begins
In late December 1914 Enver Pasha's troops stormed Sarikamish in the Russian rear. On 29 December a Turkish detachment broke into the town but was driven out.
1915
January
02
End of the Battle of Sarikamish
In early January 1915 the Russians encircled the remnants of the Ottoman IX Corps at Sarikamish and took its commander. X Corps escaped over the mountains.
08
Battle of Kara Urgan begins
In early January 1915 the Ottoman XI Corps attacked the Russians at Kara Urgan, on the road from Erzurum to Sarikamish. Then Enver Pasha left the front.
March
25
Liman von Sanders takes command at the Dardanelles
At the end of March 1915 Enver Pasha gave General Otto Liman von Sanders the new 5th Army, tasked with defending the Dardanelles and the Gallipoli peninsula.
December
12
Von der Goltz takes command in Mesopotamia
On 12 December 1915 Field Marshal Colmar von der Goltz reached Nureddin's headquarters before besieged Kut and forbade further assaults, opting for a blockade.
1916
February
16
Key event
Russians capture Erzurum
On 16 February 1916 Cossacks rode into Erzurum, left by the Turks. The fall of a fortress thought impregnable was Russia's greatest success in the Caucasus.
April
19
Death of Colmar von der Goltz
On 19 April 1916 Field Marshal Colmar von der Goltz, commander of the Ottoman Sixth Army, died of typhus in Baghdad. He did not live to see the fall of Kut.
29
Key event
Surrender of Kut
On 29 April 1916 the starving garrison of Kut surrendered to the Turks. After a 147-day siege over 13,000 of Townshend's soldiers and followers were captured.
June
05
Ottoman offensive in western Persia
At the start of June 1916 the whole Ottoman XIII Corps stood at Khanaqin. Baratov's Russians began to fall back, and the Turks moved into Persia.
July
01
Ottoman troops retake Kermanshah
On 1 July 1916 the Ottoman XIII Corps entered Kermanshah, abandoned overnight by Baratov's Russians. Persian nationalists returned to the city.
August
10
Ottoman forces take Hamadan
On 10 August 1916 the Ottoman XIII Corps entered Hamadan, abandoned overnight by Baratov's Russians, who fell back to the road to Qazvin and Tehran.
30
Key event
Turkey declares war on Romania
On 30 August 1916 Turkey announced that, together with Germany and Bulgaria, it was declaring war on Romania. Enver Pasha was readying a corps for Dobruja.
1918
July
03
Death of Mehmed V
On 3 July 1918 Sultan Mehmed V died in Constantinople. His brother Vahdettin succeeded him as Mehmed VI, the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
October
14
İzzet Pasha becomes grand vizier
On 14 October 1918, after Talat Pasha's resignation, Marshal Ahmed İzzet Pasha became grand vizier. His task was to lead the empire out of the war.