Natalia
Author
(1244)1918
January
- 04
- Sinking of the hospital ship RewaOn 4 January 1918 U-55 torpedoed the lit hospital ship Rewa in the Bristol Channel, carrying wounded from the Mediterranean. Four engine-room men were killed.
- Demand for the surrender of Dutch shipsOn 4 January 1918 the British proposed that the Dutch charter 600,000 tons of shipping to the Allies in return for grain, fodder and coal.
- 28
- End of the operations at TafilehOn 28 January 1918 the operations at Tafileh ended. The Arabs held the town and stopped shipping on the Dead Sea, but snow halted their march north.
- Creation of the Red ArmyOn 28 January 1918 the Council of People's Commissars decided to create a volunteer Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in place of the disintegrating old army.
- Battle of the Three MountainsOn 28 January 1918 the Italians attacked on the Asiago plateau and by 31 January retook Col del Rosso, Col d'Echele and Monte Valbella, with 2,600 prisoners.
- 30
- Peace talks resume at Brest-LitovskOn 30 January 1918 the peace talks resumed at Brest. Trotsky brought delegates of Soviet Ukraine and challenged the right of the Kiev Rada to negotiate.
- Latvian Provisional National Council calls for independenceOn 30 January 1918 the Latvian Provisional National Council resolved in Petrograd that Latvia must be an independent republic, but did not yet proclaim it.
February
- 01
- Central Powers recognise UkraineOn 1 February 1918 at Brest Czernin declared that the Central Powers recognised the Ukrainian People's Republic as an independent, sovereign state.
- The East Persian Cordon is extendedOn 1 February 1918 Indian troops of the East Persian Cordon began moving north into Khorasan to replace the Russians withdrawing from there.
- Mutiny at KotorOn 1 February 1918 sailors on Austro-Hungarian ships in the Bay of Kotor hoisted red flags and demanded peace. The mutiny collapsed after three days.
- 21
- British take JerichoOn 21 February 1918 Australian horsemen rode into Jericho, abandoned by the Turks. The Ottomans withdrew across the Jordan and the British reached the river.
- Ministry of InformationOn 21 February 1918 Bonar Law announced in the Commons the line-up of Lord Beaverbrook's new Ministry of Information. Lord Northcliffe took enemy propaganda.
- 24
- Turks retake TrebizondOn 24 February 1918 Ottoman troops entered Trebizond without a fight. After the Russian Caucasus Army fell apart, the Turks were regaining lands lost in 1916.
- Germans take DorpatOn 24 February 1918 the Germans entered Dorpat (Tartu), the university town of Livonia, unopposed. That day the Estonians declared independence in Tallinn.
- Wolf returns homeOn 24 February 1918 the raider Wolf returned to Kiel after 451 days at sea, with 467 prisoners on board. That day her prize Igotz Mendi ran aground off Skagen.
March
- 04
- Germans take NarvaOn the morning of 4 March 1918, a day after peace at Brest, the Germans entered Narva, abandoned by Dybenko's sailors. They went no further towards Petrograd.
- First flu cases at Camp FunstonOn 4 March 1918 a cook, Albert Gitchell, fell ill with flu at Camp Funston in Kansas. Within three weeks more than 1,100 soldiers had been hospitalised.
- 12
- Averescu resignsOn 12 March 1918 General Averescu resigned when King Ferdinand admitted that he no longer had confidence in his government. Marghiloman arrived in Iași.
- Moscow becomes the capital of RussiaOn 10–11 March 1918 Lenin's government secretly moved from Petrograd to Moscow, announcing it on 12 March. Moscow was the capital again after 200 years.
- 21
- Crossing of the JordanOn the night of 21–22 March 1918 London swimmers took ropes across the swollen Jordan at Hajlah. By 23 March the British had built five bridges over the river.
- Destroyer action off DunkirkBefore dawn on 21 March 1918 Allied destroyers intercepted a German raid off Dunkirk. They sank two torpedo boats, but a French torpedo hit HMS Botha.
- 27
- Germans take MontdidierOn 27 March 1918 French corps at the junction with the British fell back, and the German 18th Army entered Montdidier, south of Amiens, without a fight.
- Attack on AmmanFrom 27 to 30 March 1918 Australian and New Zealand horsemen, the Camel Brigade and London infantry assaulted Amman. In rain and mud they failed to take it.
- 28
- British occupy AnaOn 28 March 1918 British armoured cars drove unopposed into Ana on the Euphrates, and beyond the town freed two officers whom the Turks had taken prisoner.
- Dismissal of GoughOn 28 March 1918 Gen. Hubert Gough handed the retreating Fifth Army to Gen. Henry Rawlinson. The government made him the scapegoat for defeat on the Somme.
April
- 03
- Germans take YekaterinoslavIn early April 1918 the Bolsheviks abandoned Yekaterinoslav on the Dnieper and German troops entered the city. The road to the Donbas lay open before them.
- Beauvais ConferenceOn 3 April 1918 at Beauvais the French, British and US governments gave General Foch the strategic direction of operations on the Western Front.
- 05
- Key eventFighting on the AncreOn 5 April 1918 the Germans attacked on the Ancre. At Dernancourt the Australians lost the embankment but held the ridge. Ludendorff then ended Michael.
- Turks take SarıkamışOn 5 April 1918 the Turks regained Sarıkamış, scene of Enver's defeat in 1914–15. The Armenians had left the town in the night, fearing encirclement.
- 09
- Key eventStart of the Battle of the LysOn 9 April 1918, in fog, the German Sixth Army struck on the Lys. The Portuguese 2nd Division broke, but the British held Givenchy and the line of the rivers.
- Union of Bessarabia with RomaniaOn 9 April 1918 the Sfatul Țării in Kishinev voted by 86 votes to unite Bessarabia with Romania, subject to autonomy and land reform.
- 10
- Shelling of MonroviaOn 10 April 1918 the German U-cruiser U-154 shelled Monrovia, destroying the French radio station, having first sunk Liberia's only warship.
- German-Turkish settlement treatyOn 10 April 1918 Germany and Turkey exchanged in Berlin the ratifications of the settlement treaty and nine other treaties replacing the capitulations.
- 12
- Last airship raid with casualtiesOn the night of 12–13 April 1918 five German airships bombed central England, killing seven in Wigan. It was the last airship raid to cause casualties.
- United Baltic dietsOn 12 April 1918 in Riga a united council of Livonia and Estonia, dominated by Baltic Germans, asked for a monarchy in personal union with Prussia.
- 14
- Turks take BatumOn 14 April 1918 the Turks took Batum, the main Transcaucasian Black Sea port. The fortress surrendered after a few hours, and Constantinople celebrated.
- Czernin resignsOn 14 April 1918 Count Ottokar Czernin resigned as foreign minister of Austria-Hungary. He was brought down by the Sixtus affair, which he himself had set off.
- 25
- Key eventGermans take Mount KemmelOn 25 April 1918, after a gas bombardment, the Alpenkorps took the French-held Kemmelberg in just over an hour. The British held the flank at Ypres.
- Ottomans occupy KarsOn 25 April 1918, on orders from Tiflis, the Armenians gave up Kars fortress to the Turks without a fight, with its guns and stores. Russia took it in 1877.
May
- 03
- Samsam ol-Saltaneh becomes prime minister of PersiaThe British chronology says that on 3 May 1918 the Bakhtiari chief Samsam ol-Saltaneh, hostile to the Entente, became Persia's premier. He resigned on 31 May.
- Landing at PechengaOn 3 May 1918 the British cruiser Cochrane landed sailors and marines at Pechenga on the Arctic Ocean to defend it against the Finnish Whites.
- 09
- Lyzohub governmentIn early May 1918 Hetman Skoropadskyi entrusted the government to Fedir Lyzohub. Kadets dominated the cabinet; the Ukrainian socialists boycotted it.
- Sidónio Pais elected presidentOn 9 May 1918 Sidónio Pais was proclaimed president of Portugal, elected on 28 April in the country's first ever direct election of a head of state.
- 11
- Finno-Turkish peaceOn 11 May 1918 in Berlin representatives of Finland and Turkey signed a peace treaty. It stated that there was no state of war between the two countries.
- Batum peace talksOn 11 May 1918 a Turkish-Transcaucasian peace conference met at Batum. The Turks rejected the Brest terms and demanded more land and railways.
- 22
- Battle of Sardarabad beginsOn 22 May 1918 the Armenians counter-attacked the Turks, who had taken Sardarabad near Etchmiadzin the day before, and retook the village and station.
- Flu in SpainOn 22 May 1918 the Madrid press reported a mysterious illness among garrison soldiers. Neutral Spain wrote openly about the epidemic and gave it its name.
- 31
- Germans reach the MarneOn 31 May 1918 the Germans stood on the Marne from Château-Thierry to Dormans, first time since 1914. The first Americans of the 3rd Division reached the town.
- Cooreman becomes prime minister of BelgiumOn 31 May 1918 Belgian premier Charles de Broqueville resigned. The government in exile passed to the Catholic Gérard Cooreman, a banker and former Speaker.
June
- 06
- Sinking of the Koningin RegentesOn 6 June 1918 the Dutch hospital ship Koningin Regentes, carrying prisoners for exchange, was torpedoed in the North Sea. Seven seamen were killed.
- Americans attack at Belleau WoodOn 6 June 1918 US Marines took Hill 142 and Bouresches and broke into Belleau Wood. The brigade lost more than a thousand men that day.
- 08
- Germans land at PotiOn 8 June 1918 two German battalions from the Crimea landed at the Georgian port of Poti, to protect Georgia from the Turks and guard the railway to Baku.
- Bolsheviks demand the withdrawal of Entente troopsOn 8 June 1918 the Murmansk soviet read General Poole a Lenin–Chicherin telegram ordering the Allies to leave Russia at once. The soviet preferred they stay.
- 12
- Baku Commune troops take KurdamirOn 12 June 1918 the troops of Bolshevik Baku took Kurdamir station after a short fight. The Turks, named by the chronology as its captors, entered it in July.
- Ukrainian–Russian armisticeOn 12 June 1918 in Kiev the Ukrainian State and Soviet Russia signed a preliminary agreement halting the fighting along the whole front during the talks.
- 30
- Americans in ItalyAt the end of June 1918 the first US Army units, ambulance sections, reached Italy. An infantry regiment arrived only in July; airmen had been there since 1917.
- Murmansk soviet sides with the EntenteOn 30 June 1918 the Murmansk soviet resolved to defy Moscow's orders to expel the Allies and invited the Entente to defend the region jointly against Germany.
July
- 09
- Hintze becomes foreign secretaryOn 9 July 1918 Richard von Kühlmann lost his post as Foreign Secretary. He was replaced by Rear Admiral Paul von Hintze, a candidate acceptable to the generals.
- The Italians occupy BeratOn 9 July 1918 the Italian Tanaro Brigade entered Berat without a fight and another brigade took Fier. The broken Austro-Hungarian XIX Corps fell back north.
- 15
- Key eventSecond Battle of the Marne beginsOn 15 July 1918 the Germans attacked either side of Reims. In Champagne they broke against Gouraud's defence; on the Marne they crossed at Dormans and stalled.
- British protest over Dutch sandIn mid-July 1918 London protested against the Dutch–German sand and gravel agreement. The Allies demanded control of the transit to Belgium.
- 25
- Seidler resignsOn 25 July 1918 Charles I confirmed the resignation of Ernst Seidler's government, brought down by the Polish Club. Max Hussarek became Austrian prime minister.
- Polish riflemen at Saint-Hilaire-le-GrandOn 25 July 1918 a 1st Polish Rifle Regiment company took Bois de la Raquette in Champagne and beat off three counter-attacks. It became the regiment's day.
August
- 02
- Allies retake SoissonsOn 2 August 1918 the Germans left Soissons and blew the Aisne bridges; the French entered the burnt town. So ended the battle of the Soissonnais and Ourcq.
- Allies in ArchangelOn 2 August 1918 conspirators overthrew Bolshevik rule in Archangel and General Poole's ships sailed into the city. Nikolai Chaikovsky formed a government.
- 08
- Key eventStart of the Battle of MontdidierOn 8 August 1918 Debeney's French First Army attacked alongside the British at Amiens. It took Moreuil and crossed the Avre, but did not reach Arvillers.
- British assurance to FinlandIn August 1918 London assured the Finns that it had no hostile intentions towards them, but that Karelia and the Murman coast were not for Britain to decide.
- 11
- Battle of Amiens endsOn 11 August 1918 Haig halted the Amiens offensive, which had stalled on the old 1916 trenches. At Avesnes Ludendorff offered his resignation.
- Japanese in VladivostokOn 11 August 1918 the Japanese 12th Division began landing at Vladivostok. Japan had promised up to 12,000 men, but by November it had sent over 70,000.
- 13
- Britain recognises the CzechoslovaksOn 13 August 1918 the Balfour note of 9 August was published. Britain recognised the Czechoslovaks as an Allied nation and their council as a proto-government.
- Resignation of CapelleOn 13 August 1918 Admiral Eduard von Capelle left the Imperial Naval Office. His departure was part of a shake-up of the navy's leadership directed by Scheer.
- 26
- Key eventStart of the Battle of the ScarpeAt 3 a.m. on 26 August 1918 the Canadians attacked east of Arras and retook Monchy-le-Preux by 8 a.m. The Allied offensive spread to the First Army front.
- Austrians retake BeratIn late August 1918 the Austrians regained Fier and Berat, and the Italians fell back to the Mallakastra hills. Lack of supplies and malaria halted the advance.
- 27
- Supplementary treaty to Brest-LitovskOn 27 August 1918 Germany and Soviet Russia signed in Berlin a supplementary treaty to the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. Russia agreed to pay 6 billion marks.
- Second wave of the Spanish fluOn 27 August 1918 the first sailors fell ill in Boston. Almost simultaneously the second and deadliest wave of the Spanish flu broke out in Brest and Freetown.
- 31
- Germans abandon KemmelOn 31 August 1918 troops of the British Second Army occupied Mount Kemmel, taken by the Germans in April and now abandoned. Americans fought at its foot.
- Key eventSecond Battle of Bapaume beginsOn 31 August 1918 Australians attacked Mont Saint-Quentin above Péronne as the Third Army beat off counter-attacks beyond Bapaume. The battle began.
September
- 04
- The Allies take ObozerskayaOn 4 September 1918 the Allies took Obozerskaya station on the Archangel–Vologda railway. Its defence collapsed when a Red regiment went over to them.
- Xu Shichang elected president of ChinaOn 4 September 1918 the Peking parliament, dominated by Duan Qirui's supporters, elected Xu Shichang president of China. The South rejected the vote.
- 12
- Key eventBattle of Havrincourt beginsOn 12 September 1918 Byng's Third Army took Havrincourt and Trescault in front of the Hindenburg Line, while New Zealanders fought the elite Jäger Division.
- Fighting at ChamovoIn mid-September 1918 the British, supported by a river flotilla, drove the Bolsheviks out of Chamovo on the Dvina. The monitor M25 disabled a Red steamer.
- 15
- Fall of BakuOn the night of 14–15 September 1918 the British sailed from Baku and the Caucasian Army of Islam entered. Its capture came with a massacre of Armenians.
- Austrian peace noteIn mid-September 1918 Austria-Hungary invited all the belligerents to confidential talks on peace. Wilson rejected the proposal in under half an hour.
- 16
- End of the Battle of Saint-MihielOn 16 September 1918 the Battle of Saint-Mihiel ended. The Americans dug in on the Haudiomont–Vandières line as their divisions left for the Meuse and Argonne.
- Last air raid on ParisOn the night of 15/16 September 1918 German bombers attacked Paris for the last time. Bombs fell on the northern and eastern districts and the suburbs.
- 18
- The Japanese take BlagoveshchenskOn 18 September 1918 Amur Cossacks and a Japanese detachment crossed the Amur and took Blagoveshchensk without a fight. Soviet power on the Amur collapsed.
- Battle of Doiran beginsOn 18 September 1918 the British and Greeks attacked the Bulgarian defences by Lake Doiran. The Greeks took the forward line, but the main attack broke down.
- 28
- Key eventFifth Battle of Ypres beginsOn 28 September 1918 the Belgians and British under King Albert I attacked from Ypres. In one day they retook Passchendaele, Gheluvelt and Houthulst Forest.
- Polish Army becomes an allied armyOn 28 September 1918 France and the Polish National Committee agreed to recognise the Polish Army as autonomous, allied and co-belligerent with the Entente.
- 29
- The Ma'an garrison surrendersOn 29 September 1918 at Ziza, south of Amman, the Turkish garrison of Ma'an, surrounded by Bedouin, surrendered to Australian light horsemen.
- Key eventLudendorff demands an armisticeOn 29 September 1918 at Spa Hindenburg and Ludendorff demanded an immediate armistice request. The Kaiser agreed to appeal to Wilson and to parliamentary rule.
October
- 01
- French retake Saint-QuentinOn 1 October 1918 Debeney's French First Army entered Saint-Quentin, abandoned by the Germans. The town, evacuated in 1917, lay in ruins.
- Capture of DamascusOn 1 October 1918 Australian horsemen galloped through Damascus, followed by Faisal's Arabs with Lawrence. Four hundred years of Turkish rule were over.
- The Otranto BarrageThe British chronology records on 1 October 1918 a fixed barrage of mined nets in the Strait of Otranto. It was to close the exit from the Adriatic to U-boats.
- Canadians in ArchangelOn 1 October 1918 the 16th Brigade, Canadian Field Artillery, arrived at Archangel. General Edmund Ironside came with the same convoy.
- 03
- The British retake Armentières againIn early October 1918 the Germans abandoned Armentières, taken in April on the Lys. The British returned to a town that had been reduced to ruins.
- Clash at Lake PyaozeroIn early October 1918 Red Finns of the Murmansk Legion routed the last White Finnish detachment at Lake Pyaozero in Karelia.
- British take LensOn 3 October 1918 the British entered Lens, abandoned by the Germans. After four years of occupation the mining town was a field of rubble.
- 04
- Key eventPeace notes to WilsonOn 4 October 1918 Germany and Austria-Hungary sent President Wilson notes asking for an armistice and peace talks on the basis of the Fourteen Points.
- Haller becomes commander-in-chiefOn 4 October 1918 the Polish National Committee appointed Gen. Józef Haller commander-in-chief of the Polish Army. On 6 October he took the oath at the front.
- 05
- End of the battle of the Beaurevoir LineOn 5 October 1918 the Australians took Montbrehain in their last battle of the war, and in the evening the British entered Beaurevoir.
- Serbs retake VranjeIn early October 1918 the Serbian First Army threw back the Austro-Hungarian 9th Division and regained Vranje, the first large town in the Morava valley.
- 07
- French occupy BeirutOn 7 October 1918 French warships entered the port of Beirut, where the Arab flag had been flying for several days. British infantry arrived a day later.
- Italians take ElbasanOn the afternoon of 7 October 1918 Italian troops advancing from Berat up the Devoll valley entered Elbasan. The Austrians were leaving Albania northwards.
- Relief of the Lost BattalionOn the evening of 7 October 1918 the 307th Infantry broke through to Major Whittlesey's men, trapped in the Argonne. Of about 550 soldiers, 194 walked out.
- 14
- Italians take DurrësOn the morning of 14 October 1918 Italian infantry entered Durrës, abandoned by the Austrians. The same day the Italians took Tirana.
- Wilson's second noteOn 14 October 1918 Wilson demanded guarantees of Allied superiority, an end to attacks on passenger ships and a change of rule. Berlin gave way on 20 October.
- Turkish peace noteOn 14 October 1918 President Wilson received, via Spain, an Ottoman government note asking for an armistice and peace on the basis of the Fourteen Points.
- French take Craonne once moreOn 14 October 1918, French sources say, the French 320th Infantry Regiment freed the ruins of Craonne. The Germans gave up the Chemin des Dames unopposed.
- Battle of DushakOn 14 October 1918 Punjabis and Indian cavalry took Dushak station in Transcaspia. They suffered heavy losses, but the Bolsheviks soon fell back.
- 18
- British troops reach OmskOn 18 October 1918 the British 25th Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment reached Omsk after a rail journey from Vladivostok across the whole of Siberia.
- The Washington DeclarationOn 18 October 1918 Masaryk handed in Czechoslovakia's declaration of independence in Washington. It proclaimed a republic and broke with the Habsburgs.
- 24
- Key eventBattle of Vittorio Veneto beginsOn 24 October 1918, the anniversary of Caporetto, the Italians attacked the Grappa. The Austrians held, and the swollen Piave delayed the main crossing.
- Andrássy becomes foreign ministerOn 24 October 1918 Count Gyula Andrássy the Younger, son of the author of the alliance with Germany, replaced Burián as the last joint foreign minister.
- Spanish flu in the Polish landsOn 24 October 1918 it was decided to close Kraków's schools because of the Spanish flu and a lack of coal. The epidemic raged in Galicia, the Kingdom and Posen.
- 25
- End of the Battle of the SelleOn 25 October 1918 the Battle of the Selle ended. The British reached the Sambre–Oise Canal and the Forest of Mormal, taking about 20,000 prisoners.
- Korfanty's speech in the ReichstagOn 25 October 1918 Wojciech Korfanty demanded in the Reichstag that Posen, Polish West and East Prussia and Upper Silesia be joined to Poland.
- 31
- Italians occupy ScutariOn 31 October 1918 the Italians fought their way into old Scutari. The Serbs had taken the new town a day earlier, causing a dispute between allies.
- Fleet handed to the State of Slovenes, Croats and SerbsOn 31 October 1918 at Pola Horthy handed the Austro-Hungarian fleet to envoys of the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Janko Vuković took command.
- Key eventLiberation of KrakówOn 31 October 1918 Polish soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army disarmed the Kraków garrison without a shot. The Austrian command handed power to the Poles.
- Death of Egon SchieleOn 31 October 1918 the painter Egon Schiele died of the Spanish flu in Vienna, three days after his wife Edith, who was six months pregnant. He was 28.
November
- 01
- Serbs retake Belgrade againOn 1 November 1918 the Serbian First Army entered Belgrade, which the last Central Powers troops left that day across the Sava and Danube, blowing the bridges.
- Attack on FifeOn 1 November 1918 Lettow-Vorbeck struck the British post of Fife in Northern Rhodesia. The entrenched garrison held, and on 2 November the Germans left.
- False report of Boris's abdicationIn early November 1918 news agencies reported that Tsar Boris III had abdicated and Bulgaria was a peasant republic. It was false; Boris reigned until 1943.
- 03
- Capture of ValenciennesOn 2 November 1918 the Canadians cleared Valenciennes, and on 3 November the Germans abandoned the Scheldt line. The occupation had lasted over four years.
- Italians take TriesteOn the afternoon of 3 November 1918 the Italian destroyer Audace docked at Trieste. General Petitti di Roreto took possession of the city for the King of Italy.
- 04
- Key eventBattle of the Sambre beginsOn 4 November 1918 the British crossed the Sambre–Oise Canal and Mormal Forest in fog, and the New Zealanders took Le Quesnoy. Wilfred Owen fell at Ors.
- Italians take BarOn 4 November 1918 the Italian navy occupied Bar (Antivari), the Montenegrin port abandoned by Austro-Hungarian troops in the last days of the war.
- 06
- The French take RethelOn 6 November 1918 the French entered ruined Rethel on the Aisne. The Germans, threatened along the whole front, were already falling back to the Meuse.
- Regent Alexander in BelgradeIn early November 1918 Regent Alexander came to liberated Belgrade with General Franchet d'Espèrey. The old King Peter I returned to the capital only in 1919.
- 07
- Bavarian republicIn the night of 7–8 November 1918 Kurt Eisner proclaimed the Free State of Bavaria in Munich and deposed the Wittelsbachs. King Ludwig III fled the city.
- Geneva conferenceOn 6–9 November 1918 in Geneva Pašić, Korošec and Trumbić agreed on a joint government of Serbia and the State of SCS. Belgrade soon rejected the agreement.
- Lublin governmentOn the night of 6/7 November 1918 the pro-independence left set up the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland in Lublin under Daszyński.
- 09
- Occupation of AlexandrettaOn 9 November 1918 British and French warships entered the Gulf of Alexandretta. Mustafa Kemal wished to defend the port, but Constantinople made him yield.
- Sinking of HMS BritanniaOn 9 November 1918 UB-50 torpedoed the battleship Britannia at the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. About 50 sailors died; more than 700 survived.
- Czechoslovaks in YekaterinburgAround 9–10 November 1918 the Czechoslovaks in Yekaterinburg solemnly celebrated the birth of their state. The legion's regiments received colours.
- Death of Guillaume ApollinaireOn 9 November 1918 the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, son of the Pole Angelika Kostrowicka, weakened by a war head wound, died of Spanish flu in Paris. He was 38.
- 10
- Belgians retake GhentOn 10 November 1918 the Germans left Ghent and the Belgians entered the city. The occupation of the capital of East Flanders, in place since 1914, was over.
- Romania re-enters the warOn 10 November 1918 French battalions crossed the Danube at Ruse, and King Ferdinand called on the Romanians to take up arms against the Germans again.
- Kaiser Wilhelm in the NetherlandsOn 10 November 1918 Wilhelm II left Spa and crossed the Dutch border at Eijsden. The government of the neutral Netherlands granted him asylum.
- 11
- British retake MonsOn the morning of 11 November 1918 the Canadians entered Mons, where the British had fought their first battle in 1914. The war ended where it had begun.
- Recognition of Latvia and EstoniaOn 11 November 1918 Balfour confirmed in writing the recognition of the Latvian National Council. In Tallinn the Estonian Provisional Government resumed work.
- Pogrom in KielceOn 11 November 1918 a crowd attacked people leaving a Jewish meeting at the Kielce theatre. Four people were killed in two days of rioting.
- 12
- Abdication of Charles IOn 11 November 1918 Charles I renounced any part in state affairs but did not abdicate. On 12 November the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed in Vienna.
- Women in Germany get the voteOn 12 November 1918 Ebert's revolutionary government announced universal, equal and secret elections for all German men and women aged 20 and over.
- 13
- Allies in ConstantinopleOn 12 November 1918 the Allied fleet passed through the Dardanelles and on the morning of 13 November lay off Constantinople. The occupation began.
- Armistice of BelgradeOn 13 November 1918 in Belgrade Hungary signed a military convention with the Allies. Its line left the Banat, Bačka and part of Transylvania to occupation.
- Poles in the soldiers' councils in PoznańOn 13 November 1918 Polish conspirators burst into a meeting of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council in Poznań and forced it to admit Poles to its leadership.
- 14
- Ceasefire in East AfricaOn 13 November 1918 news of the armistice reached Lettow-Vorbeck in Northern Rhodesia. On 14 November, on the Chambeshi river, he agreed to stop fighting.
- Wreck of the cruiser CochraneOn 14 November 1918 the British armoured cruiser Cochrane ran aground in fog in the mouth of the Mersey and broke in two. No one was killed.
- Dissolution of the Regency CouncilOn 14 November 1918 the regents dissolved the Regency Council and handed all supreme authority to Piłsudski. That day Piłsudski named Daszyński prime minister.
- Founding of the Supreme People's CouncilOn 14 November 1918 Polish leaders in Poznań came out of hiding as the Commissariat of the Supreme People's Council and called a Provincial Sejm for December.
- 16
- Allied march to the RhineIn mid-November 1918 the Allied armies followed the retreating Germans towards the Rhine. The British chronology gives 16 November, other sources the 17th.
- Mobilisation in EstoniaOn 16 November 1918 the Estonian Provisional Government decided to raise a volunteer People's Army, conscripting only officers, doctors and military officials.
- 17
- French enter MulhouseOn 17 November 1918 General Hirschauer's French troops ceremonially entered Mulhouse, returning to a city they had twice had to leave in August 1914.
- Moraczewski governmentOn 17 November 1918, after Ignacy Daszyński gave up, Józef Piłsudski entrusted the office of prime minister to the socialist Jędrzej Moraczewski.
- 18
- Belgians return to BrusselsIn mid-November 1918 the last Germans left Brussels, Burgomaster Max returned, and Belgian soldiers entered the capital. The occupation was ending.
- Italians reinforce FiumeOn 17 November 1918 Italian troops under General San Marzano entered Fiume. The Croatian authorities were removed, and the Yugoslavs protested.
- 20
- Americans enter LuxembourgAround 20 November 1918 the US Third Army, marching to the Rhine, entered Luxembourg. People greeted it with flowers after more than four years of occupation.
- Marushevsky in ArchangelIn November 1918 General Vladimir Marushevsky arrived in Archangel, taking command of the Northern Region's Russian troops and the post of governor-general.
- 21
- Internment of the High Seas FleetOn 21 November 1918 the Grand Fleet met the High Seas Fleet and escorted 70 German warships into the Firth of Forth, from where they went on to Scapa Flow.
- British occupy NamurOn 21 November 1918 the British entered Namur, the Belgian fortress taken by the Germans in 1914. Here the troops marching to the Rhine halted.
- 22
- Poles take LvivOn the night of 21–22 November 1918 the Ukrainians withdrew from Lviv, and in the morning the Poles took the city. On the day of victory a pogrom broke out.
- Pogrom in LvivOn 22–24 November 1918, after the Poles took Lviv, soldiers and civilians looted and burned the Jewish quarter. Between several dozen and 150 Jews were killed.
- 26
- Allies reach the German borderIn late November 1918 the last Germans left Belgium and Allied troops reached the German border. On 1 December all of them moved on towards the Rhine.
- Allies in SevastopolIn late November 1918 an Allied squadron entered Sevastopol and took over from the Germans the old Black Sea Fleet ships, including the dreadnought Volya.
- Podgorica AssemblyOn 26 November 1918 the Great National Assembly in Podgorica deposed King Nicholas I and proclaimed the union of Montenegro with Serbia.
- 28
- Bolsheviks take NarvaOn 28 November 1918 the Red Army attacked Narva, which the Germans were leaving. The Estonians had to give up the town. The Estonian War of Independence began.
- Union of Bukovina with RomaniaOn 28 November 1918 the General Congress of Bukovina in Czernowitz voted to unite the land with Romania. Most Ukrainians boycotted the proceedings.
- Polish women get the voteOn 28 November 1918 Piłsudski signed the electoral law for the Legislative Sejm. The vote went to every citizen aged 21 and over "without distinction of sex".
- Voluntary Legion of WomenOn 28 November 1918 the first volunteers in Lviv joined Aleksandra Zagórska's women's militia. In December it became the Voluntary Legion of Women.
December
- 08
- Americans occupy KoblenzOn 8 December 1918 the first soldiers of the US Third Army entered Koblenz, evacuated by the Germans. The city became the heart of the American occupation zone.
- Clash on the Caspian SeaOn 8 December 1918 two armed ships of the British flotilla clashed near Chechen Island with Bolshevik vessels covering a landing from Astrakhan.
- 20
- The Directorate in KievOn 19 December 1918 the Directorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic made its ceremonial entry into Kiev. A service and a rally were held on Sofia Square.
- Protić prime minister of the Kingdom of SCSOn 20 December 1918 Regent Alexander formed the first government of the Kingdom of SCS under Stojan Protić. Nikola Pašić, premier since 1912, lost office.
- 26
- West Ukrainian People's RepublicAt the end of 1918 the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic sat in Tarnopol. It was building an army and preparing union with Dnieper Ukraine.
- Paderewski in PoznańOn 26 December 1918 Ignacy Jan Paderewski arrived in Poznań. Crowds with torches greeted him, and he spoke to the Poles from a window of the Bazar hotel.
- 30
- Allies take KodishOn 30 December 1918 Americans of the 339th Infantry, backed by Canadian artillery, retook the village of Kodish from the Bolsheviks south of Archangel.
- Founding of the KPDOn 30 December 1918 a congress opened in Berlin at which the Spartacus League and left radicals from Bremen and Hamburg founded the Communist Party of Germany.